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Andhra Pradesh or AP, the "Rice Bowl of India", is a state in southern India. It lies between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the East, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west. Andhra Pradesh is the 4th largest state in India by area and population. It is the largest state in Southern India. Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna run across the state. Historically this land was known as Andhraapatha, Andhra Desa, Andhraavani, Andhra mandalamu, Andhra vishaya etc.
Other Subjects of Andhra Pradesh
History of Andhra Pradesh
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| Kakathiya Sculpture |
An Andhra Kingdom was mentioned in the Sanskrit epics such as Aitareya Brahmana and Mahabarata. Inscriptional evidence showed that there was a kingdom in coastal Andhra ruled by Kuberaka with Pratipalapura (Bhattiprolu) as his capital. This probably was the oldest known kingdom in Southern India. Around the same time Dhanyakatakam/Dharanikota (present day Amaravati) seemed to be a very important place, which was visited by Gautama Buddha. According to Taranatha: On the full moon of the month Chaitra in the year following his enlightenment, at the great stupa of Dhanyakataka, the Buddha emanated the mandala of "The Glorious Lunar Mansions" (Kalachakra).
The battle of Palnadu resulted in the weakening of Eastern Chalukyan power and emergence of the Kakatiya dynasty in the 12th and the 13th centuries CE.
The Kakatiyas were at first feudatories of the Rashtrakutas ruling over a small territory near Warangal. All the Telugu lands were united by the Kakatiyas. In 1323 CE, Delhi Sultan Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country and capture Warangal. King Prataparudra was taken prisoner. Musunuri Nayaks recaptured Warangal from the Delhi Sultanate in 1326 CE and ruled for fifty years. Inspired by their success, the Vijayanagar empire, one of the greatest empires in the history of Andhra Pradesh and India, was founded by Harihara and Bukka, who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal.. In 1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the Bahmani kingdom, was established in south India by Alla-ud-din Hasan Gangu as a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country for about two hundred years from the early part of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century.
India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. The Muslim Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to retain his independence from India, but the people of the region launched the movement to join the Indian Union. His state of Hyderabad was forced to become part of the Republic of India in 1948, after Indian Military operation known as operation polo within 5 days with popular support from people as Hyderabad State.
In an effort to gain an independent state, and protect the interests of the Telugu people of Madras State, Amarajeevi Potti Sriramulu fasted until death. Public outcry and civil unrest after his death forced the government to announce the formation of a new state for Telugu speaking people. Andhra attained statehood in October 1953 with Kurnool as its capital.
On 1st November 1956, Andhra State merged with the Telangana region of Hyderabad State to form the state of Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad, the former capital of the Hyderabad State, was made the capital of the new state Andhra Pradesh.
Economy of Andhra Pradesh
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| Thirupathi Temple |
Andhra Pradesh's gross state domestic product for 2005 was estimated at $62 billion in current prices. This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Andhra Pradesh at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees. Accordingly, the state ranks fourth in terms of overall gross state domestic product and fourth in per capita gross state domestic product among the major states of India.
The state ranks first nationwide in hydro electricity generation with national market share of over 11%.
The state has also started to focus on the fields of information technology and biotechnology. In 2004–2005, Andhra Pradesh was at the fifth position in the list of top IT exporting states of India. The IT exports from the State were Rs.1,800 million in 2004. The IT sector is expanding at a rate of 52.3% every year. The IT exports reached Rs.19,000 million in 2006–2007 and ranked fourth in India. The service sector of the state already accounts for 43% of the GSDP and employs 20% of the work force.
Agriculture has been the chief source of income for the state's economy. Two important rivers of India, the Godavari and Krishna, flow through the state, providing irrigation. Rice, sugarcane, cotton, mirchi (chilli pepper), mango and tobacco are the local crops. Recently, crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, the world's highest masonry dam.
Transportation System ofAndhra Pradesh
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| Transportation in Andrapradesh |
Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is the major public transport corporation owned by government of Andhra Pradesh connecting all the cities and villages. APSRTC also has the distinction of being in the Guinness book of World records for having the largest fleet of vehicles, and the longest area covered/commuted daily. Apart from these, thousands of private operators run buses connecting major cities and towns of the state. Private vehicles like cars, motorised scooters and bicycles occupy a major share of the local transport in the cities and adjoining villages.
Hyderabad (Rajiv Gandhi International), Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Rajahmundry and Tirupati. Government also have plans to start airports in six other cities including Sri Potti Sreeramulu Nellore, Warangal, Kadapa, Tadepalligudem, Ramagundam and Ongole.
Andhra Pradesh also has two of the important ports of India at Visakhapatnam and Kakinada and two minor ports, Machilipatnam and Krishnapatnam. One more private port is being developed at Gangavaram, Near Visakhapatnam, This is the deep sea port that can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000-250,000 DWT, thereby making big oceanliners to enter into Indian shores.
Culture of Andhra Pradesh
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| Kuchi Pudi Dance |
The cuisine of Andhra Pradesh is reputedly the spiciest and the most delicious of all Indian cuisines. There are many variations to the Andhra cuisine depending on caste, geographical regions, traditions etc. Pickles and chutneys, called pachchadi in Telugu are particularly popular in Andhra Pradesh and many varieties of pickles and chutneys are unique to the State. Chutneys are made from practically every vegetable including tomatoes, brinjals (eggplant), and roselle (Gongura). The mango pickle Aavakaaya is probably the best known of the Andhra pickles.
Rice is the staple food and is used in a wide variety of ways. Typically, rice is either boiled and eaten with curry, or made into a batter for use in a crepe-like dish called attu (pesarattu) or dosas.
Jayapa Senani (Jayapa Nayudu) is the first person who wrote about the dances prevalent in Andhra Pradesh . Both Desi and Margi forms of dances have been included in his Sanskrit treatise 'Nritya Ratnavali'. It contains eight chapters. Folk dance forms like Perani, Prenkhana, Suddha Nartana, Carcari, Rasaka, Danda Rasaka, Shiva Priya, Kanduka Nartana, Bhandika Nrityam, Carana Nrityam, Chindu, Gondali and Kolatam are described. In the first chapter the author deals with discussion of the differences between Marga and Desi, Tandava and lasya, Natya and Nritta. In the 2nd and 3rd chapters he deals with Angi-kabhinaya, Caris, Sthanakas and Mandalas. In the 4th Chapter Karnas, angaharas and recakas are described. In following chapters he described the local dance forms i.e. desi nritya. In the last chapter he deals with art and practice of dance.
Festivals:
- Sankranthi in January.
- Maha Shivaratri in February/March.
- Ugadi or the Telugu New Year in March/April.
- Sri Rama Navami celebrated in March/April, 9 days after Ugadi.
- Varalakshmi Vratham in August.
- Vinayaka Chavithi in August.
- Dasara in September/October.
- Atla Tadde 3rd day in bright half of Aswiyuja month (falls in September/October in Gregorian calendar)
- Deepavali in October/November.
- Bonalu in Sravanam. (Celebrated in Telangana region).
- Bathukamma celebrated during September/October in Telangana region.
- Carnatic music dominates Keralite
Government and Politics System in Andhra Pradesh
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| Assembly of Andra Pradesh |
Andhra Pradesh had a series of governments headed by Indian National Congress (INC) Party until 1982. Kasu Brahmananda Reddy held the record for the longest serving chief minister which was broken by N.T. Rama Rao in 1983. P.V. Narasimha Rao also served as the chief minister of the state, who later went on to become the Prime Minister of India in 1991. Among the notable chief ministers of the state are Tanguturi Prakasam, CM for only the Andhra state (the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy) others include Kasu Brahmananda Reddy, Marri Chenna Reddy, Jalagam Vengal Rao, Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao, Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy, N.T. Rama Rao, Nara Chandrababu Naidu and Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy.
In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to TDP again and saw NTR becoming the chief minister again. NTR died of a heart attack before the next elections.
In 1983 the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the State elections and N.T. Rama Rao (NTR) became the chief minister of the state for the first time introducing a formidable second political party to Andhra Pradesh's politics and thus breaking the single party monopoly on Andhra Pradesh's politics. After a few months, Nadendla Bhaskar Rao usurped power when NTR was away in the United States for medical treatment. After coming back, NTR successfully convinced the then State Governor to dissolve the Assembly and call for a fresh election. TDP won the elections with a large majority and NTR became Chief Minister of the State for the second time. His government policies included investment in education, rural development and in holding corrupt government officials.
Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy of INC, became Chief Minister of state after May 2004. Rajasekhara Reddy fought the 2004 Assembly elections in an alliance with the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), which was formed by Mr K. Chandrasekhar Rao whose aim is to form a separate state.
Education System of Andhra Pradesh
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| University |
Andhra Pradesh has 1330 arts, science and commerce colleges,1000 MBA,MCA Colleges, 500 engineering colleges and 53 medical colleges. The student to teacher ratio is 19:1 in the higher education. According to census taken in 2001, Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 60.5%. While male literacy rate is at 70.3%, the female literacy rate however is only at 50.4%, a cause for concern.
Andhra Pradesh is served by more than 20 leading institutes of excellence in higher education. All major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, business and veterinary science are offered, leading to first degrees as well as postgraduate awards. Advanced research is conducted in all major areas.
The state has recently made strides in setting up several institutes of high quality. Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) and Indian School of Business (ISB) are gaining international attention for their standards. National Institute of Fashion Technology, Hyderabad (NIFT) is well reputed among those interested in a career in fashion.
Major Universities/Institutes in Andhra Pradesh:
- Indain Institute of TechnologyIIT, HYDERABAD
- National Institute of Technology NIT, Warangal
- Malla Reddy ENGINEERING COLLEGE
- IIIT, Hyderabad [International Institute of Information Technology]
- Indian School of Business, Hyderabad
- Birla Institute Of Technology [BITS], Hyd
- Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
- J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Kakinada.
- J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anathapur.
- J.N.T.U. College of Engineering.Pulivendula, Kadapa.
- School of Information Technology, JNTU, Hyderabad
- University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad
- Osmania University, Hyderabad
- Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
- Sri Sagi RamaKrishnam Raju Engineering College, Bhimavaram
- Kakatiya University, Warangal
- Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati
- Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University: Andhra Pradesh Open University, Hyderabad
- Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur
- Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hyderabad
- Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupathi (Veterinary science has been separated from N.G. Ranga Agri. University to form this separate university)
- Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, Hyderabad
- GITAM University,Visakhapatnam
- Badruka College of Commerce, Hyderabad
- Indian Institute of Planning and Management IIPM, Hyderabad
- Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati
- Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur
- Sri Sathya Sai University, Puttaparthi
- ICFAI University, Hyderabad
- NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad
- IIIT Idupulapaya,Kadapa
- Yogi vemana university,Kadapa
- Telangana University,[Nizamabad].
- RaJiv Institute of Medical Sciences(RIMS),Kadapa.
- Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad
Engineering and MBA Colleges Lists
Geography of Andhra Pradesh
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| Geography |
Andhra Pradesh can be divided into three regions, namely Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana.
Andhra Pradesh has 23 districts: Adilabad, Anantapur, Chittoor, Kadapa, East Godavari, Guntur, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Krishna, Kurnool, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Sri Potti Sreeramulu Nellore, Nizamabad, Prakasam, Rangareddy, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, Warangal and West Godavari.
Hyderabad is the capital and, along with the adjoining twin city Secunderabad, is the largest city in the state. Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh's main seaport, is the second largest city of the state and is home to the Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command. Vijayawada due to its location and proximity to major rail and road routes is a major trading center and the third largest city of the state. Other important cities and towns are: Kakinada, Guntur, Warangal, Tirupati, Rajahmundry, Nellore, Anantapur and Eluru.
Telugu is the regional and official language of the state, spoken by 83.88% of the population. Telugu is the second most spoken language in India. The major linguistic minority groups in the state include the speakers of Urdu (8.63%) and Hindi (3.23%). The people primarily belong to the Dravidian Race.
The minority language speakers who constitute less than 1% are the speakers of Tamil (0.97%), Kannada (0.94%), Marathi (0.84%), Oriya (0.42%), Gondi (0.21%) and Malayalam (0.1%). The speakers of minority languages who constitute less than 0.1% are the speakers of Gujarati (0.09%), Savara (0.09%), Koya (0.08%), Jatapu (0.04%), Punjabi (0.04%), Kolami (0.03%), Konda (0.03%), Gadaba (0.02%), Sindhi (0.02%), Gorkhali/Nepali (0.01%) and Khond/Kondh (0.01%).
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